Title:	Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
Authors:	Dhandha, Jiten Fialkov, Anastasia Gessey-Jones, Thomas Bevins, Harry T J Tacchella, Sandro Pochinda, Simon Acedo, Eloy de Lera Singh, Saurabh Barkana, Rennan
Keywords:	galaxies: high-redshift galaxies: star formation (cosmology:) dark ages reionization first stars (cosmology:) early Universe
Issue Date:	2-Dec-2025
Publisher:	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Citation:	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025, Vol. 544(2) p 1608-1626
Abstract:	The cosmic 21-cm signal is a promising probe of the early Universe, owing to its sensitivity to the thermal state of the neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) and properties of the first luminous sources. Here, we constrain the 21-cm signal and infer IGM properties using the Population II galaxy parameters derived in a previous study through multiwavelength synergies. This includes high-redshift UV luminosity functions (UVLFs) from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), cosmic X-ray and radio backgrounds (CXB and CRB), the SARAS 3 global 21-cm signal non-detection, and HERA 21-cm power spectrum upper limits. From CXB and HERA data, we infer the IGM kinetic temperature to be TK(z = 15) 7.7 K, 2.5 K TK(z = 10) 66 K, and 20 K TK(z = 6) 2078 K at 95 per cent credible interval. Similarly, CRB and HERA data limit the radio emission efficiency of galaxies, giving Trad(z = 15) 47 K, Trad(z = 10) 51 K, and Trad(z = 6) 101 K. These constraints, strengthened by UVLFs from HST and JWST, enable the first lower bound on the cosmic 21-cm signal. We infer an absorption trough of depth −201 mK T21,min −68 mK at zmin ≈ 10–16, and a power spectrum of 8.7 mK2 2 21(z = 15) 197 mK2 at k = 0.35 hMpc−1 . Our results highlight the power of multiwavelength synergies in constraining the early Universe. While promising for upcoming 21-cm experiments, the results depend on our assumption of a redshift-independent X-ray and radio efficiency of galaxies and on the exclusion of a flexible model for Population III stars.
Description:	Restricted Access. An open-access version is available at arXiv.org (one of the alternative locations)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/2289/8634
ISSN:	1365-2966
Alternative Location:	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.13761 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1736
Copyright:	2025 The Author(s)
Additional information:	Collection: RAS Journals
Appears in Collections:	Research Papers (A&A)

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