Title:	A numerical approach to the non-uniqueness problem of cosmic ray two-fluid equations at shocks
Authors:	Gupta, Siddhartha Sharma, Prateek Mignone, Andrea
Keywords:	hydrodynamics shock waves methods: numerical cosmic rays
Issue Date:	Apr-2021
Publisher:	Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society
Citation:	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, Vol. 502, p2733-2749
Abstract:	Cosmic rays (CRs) are frequently modelled as an additional fluid in hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of astrophysical flows. The standard CR two-fluid model is described in terms of three conservation laws (expressing conservation of mass, momentum, and total energy) and one additional equation (for the CR pressure) that cannot be cast in a satisfactory conservative form. The presence of non-conservative terms with spatial derivatives in the model equations prevents a unique weak solution behind a shock. We investigate a number of methods for the numerical solution of the two-fluid equations and find that, in the presence of shock waves, the results generally depend on the numerical details (spatial reconstruction, time stepping, the CFL number, and the adopted discretization). All methods converge to a unique result if the energy partition between the thermal and non-thermal fluids at the shock is prescribed using a subgrid prescription. This highlights the non-uniqueness problem of the two-fluid equations at shocks. From our numerical investigations, we report a robust method for which the solutions are insensitive to the numerical details even in absence of a subgrid prescription, although we recommend a subgrid closure at shocks using results from kinetic theory. The subgrid closure is crucial for a reliable post-shock solution and also its impact on large-scale flows because the shock microphysics that determines CR acceleration is not accurately captured in a fluid approximation. Critical test problems, limitations of fluid modelling, and future directions are discussed.
Description:	Open Access
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/2289/7778
ISSN:	0035-8711 1365-2966 (Online)
Alternative Location:	https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.502.2733G/abstract https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.07200 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab142
Copyright:	2021 The Author(s)
Appears in Collections:	Research Papers (A&A)

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